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Objective:To study the effect of total flavonoids of Rhizoma Drynariae on learning and memory impairment mice induced by sodium nitrite. Methods:75 mice were divided into blank group, model group, Kangnaoshuai capsule group, Rhizoma Drynariae total flavonoids group and Rhizoma Drynariae total flavonoids+inhibitor group according to the random number table method, with 15 mice in each group. The Kangnaoshui Capsule group was administered with Kangnaoshui Capsule 585 mg/kg, the Rhizoma Drynariae total flavonoids group was administered with the Rhizoma Drynariae total flavonoids 97.5 mg/kg, the Rhizoma Drynariae total flavonoids group and the inhibitor group were administered with the Rhizoma Drynariae total flavonoids by intragastric administration 97.5 mg/kg, and intraperitoneal injection of 0.072 mg/kg ICI182780 for 21 days, once a day. The model was established on the 22nd day. Except for the blank group, the other mice were injected with sodium nitrite intraperitoneally to replicate the mice model with impaired learning and memory capability. The learning and memory capabilit of mice were detected with water maze method, and the estrogen receptor in hippocampus was detected by immunohistochemistry β (estrogen receptor β, ERβ). The expression of ERβ in hippocampus and the expression of phosphorylated P38 (P-P38) and the protein contents of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2 associated death promoter (Bad) and Caspase-3 in the apoptotic system was detected by Western blot. The kit was used to detect MDA,SOD and NO protein content in hippocampus. Results:The latency of Rhizoma Drynariae total flavonoids group was significantly shorter than the model group, the number of crossing platform and the residence time in the target quadrant were significantly increased ( P<0.01); The expression of ERβ Protein in mice hippocampus (0.371 ± 0.010 vs. 0.124 ± 0.009), Bcl-2 protein (1.146 ± 0.028 vs. 0.726 ± 0.016) and the contents of SOD [(153.657 ± 6.385) U/mg vs. (67.719±5.845) U/mg] increased significantly ( P<0.01); The expression of P-P38/P38 protein (0.412 ± 0.043 vs.0.806 ± 0.069), Bad protein (0.421 ± 0.010 vs.0.633 ± 0.010), Caspase-3 protein (0.923 ± 0.042 vs.1.437 ± 0.033), and the content of MDA [(8.669 ± 0.662) nmol/mg vs. (11.772 ± 1.054) nmol/mg] and NO [(4.259 ± 0.225) nmol/mg vs. (10.805 ± 0.415) nmol/mg] decreased significantly ( P<0.01). In addition, ER blocker can antagonize the above recovery and improvement effects of Rhizoma Drynariae total flavonoids group. Conclusion:Rhizoma Drynariae total flavonoids can regulate memory impairment, inhibit neuronal apoptosis and reduce oxidative stress in sodium nitrite model mice through ER-P38/MAPK signal pathway.
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Nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-) are naturally-occurring oxidation products of nitrogen which widely used in thefood industry. The goal of this study was to illustrate the histopathological effects of sub-lethal dose of sodiumnitrite on jejunal mucosa and the possible protective effect of vitamin A. Thirty adult male Albino rats weredivided into 3 groups as follows: Group I (control) received distilled water, Group II (Nitrite-treated) whichreceived intra-gastric daily dose of 50 mg/kg NaNO2 and Group III (Nitrite & vit-A treated group) which receivedintra-gastric daily dose of 50 mg/kg NaNO2 +10,000 I.U/ rat vitamin A. Animals were sacrificed 8 weeks aftertreatment. Blood samples were collected and examined. Specimens from jejunal mucosa of rats were collectedfor the optical and electron microscope study. The blood samples showed significant reduction in all blood cellscounting and albumin level with elevated methemoglobin level in the nitrite treated group. Light microscopicexamination revealed that; Sodium nitrite cause jejunal mucosa damage represented by abnormal shape andlength of jejunal mucosa villi, necrosis with marked loss of covering epithelium and excessive cellular infiltrationin its core of lamina. PAS stained sections exhibited weak or negative PAS reaction of goblet cells of brush borderof villi and crypts. The entrocytes and goblet cells showed ultrastructural changes. Vitamin A administrationresulted in marked regression of the previously mentioned jejunal mucosal effects. Results of the current studyrevealed that diatry supplemtation of nitrite cause multible jejunal mucosal injury but the co-administration ofVitamin A greatly reduce the toxic effects of nitrite supplementation on jejunal mucosa
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Objective: Daily exposure to food preservatives constitutes a major crisis to children especially during vaccination so; the aim of the study is to assess the effect of sodium nitrite on the immune responses against Rift Valley fever vaccine (RVFV) in Swiss mice. Methods: Mice were divided into four equal groups: group 1 (control) was orally administrated with distilled water (2 ml/kg b. wt.); group 2 was orally administrated with the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of sodium nitrite 0.07 mg/kg b. wt. daily for 21 d, group 3 was vaccinated with inactivated RVFV two times and group 4 was orally given sodium nitrite and vaccinated as group 3. Blood samples were collected from all groups two weeks after booster vaccination. The leucocytic indices and the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were determined to assess the cell-mediated immunity. The humoral immunity was evaluated using direct enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA) test and serum neutralization test (SNT). Results: Sodium nitrite significantly increased the neutrophil index and the NLR whereas; it decreased the total leucocytic count and lymphocyte index in both non-vaccinated and vaccinated mice. Moreover, sodium nitrite significantly decreased both the IgG titer and the efficiency of vaccination through increasing the ED50 value. Conclusion: Sodium nitrite existed an immune-suppressive effect on both cellular and humoral immune responses in mice.
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Objective To study the effect of Astragali Lilium Granules on the survival time,CAT,ATP,and pathological changes in mice exposed to sodium nitrite (NaNO2)poisoning.Methods We randomly divided 60 male mice of SPF grade KM into blank group,positive control group,model group and Astragali Lilium Granules low-,medium-and high-dose groups.After 3 days of normal feeding,blank group and model group received intragastric gavage of normal saline,and positive control group was given Rhodiola rosea capsule solution.Astragali Lilium Granules groups received intragastric gavage according to the concentration (1.75,3.5 and 7 mg/kg per day) for 30 days. One hour after the last administration, all groups except the blank control group received intraperitoneal injection of NaNO2(200 mg/kg,injection amount of 0.1 mL/g).We recorded the mice's survival time,observed the pathological changes of brain,lung and heart tissues by HE staining under the microscope.The activity of CAT and the level of ATP in brain tissue were determined by colorimetric analysis.Results Compared with the blank group,the survival time in model group [(9.64±1.60)min,P＜0.05]was significantly lower;in model group,the lung tissue showed extensive pulmonary edema,red cell exudation,emphysema,and local atrophy of the lung;the interstitium of the myocardium was dilated and congested,and the local cells in the epicardium became edematous and denatured;brain cells showed necrosis,cytoplasm condensation,pyknosis,and perinuclear vacuoles.The tissues were loose and the spaces between the vessels and nerve cells widened;the activity of CAT decreased and the content of ATP decreased in lung,heart and brain tissues (P＜0.05).Compared with the model group,the survival time was significantly prolonged in Astragali Lilium Granules low-[(12.78±2.20)min]and medium-dose [(13.22±2.10)min]groups (P＜0.05).Compared with model group,the three dose groups had lessened lung tissue edema and emphysema,cardiac interstitial vascular dilatation and congestion,necrosis and nuclear pyknosis of brain nerve cells;the activity of CAT increased and the content of ATP increased in lung,heart and brain tissues (both P＜0.05).Conclusion Astragali Lilium Granules can improve the toxicity of NaNO2in mice and thus effectively protect against NaNO2-induced anoxic injury.
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Objective:To determine over-limit status of sodium nitrite in cooked meat products in Hunan Province,and to provide scientific evidence for making health supervision.Methods:In accordance with the national standards for sampling and testing,data were analyzed by classical and spatial statistic methods.Results:The total over-limit rate of sodium nitrite was 5.5％ in 731 samples.The relative higher sodium nitrite over-limit rates were Xiangxi Tujia and Miao autonomous prefecture and Zhangjiajie.October and February were the main months in nitrite over-limit.Five regions with over-limit of sodium nitrite in cooked meat products were detected in Hunan.Conclusion:With obvious space-time clustering,over-limit of sodium nitrite in cooked meat products is a common problem particularly in northwest Hunan and Zhuzhou City.Supervision in October should be further strengthened in above-mentioned areas to guarantee the consumers health.
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Objective@#To investigate the influence of sodium nitrite exposure on sulfhemoglobin and hydroxyl radicals in mice.@*Methods@#A total of 60 mice were randomly divided into low-, middle-, and high-dose groups (the concentrations of sodium nitrite were 0.055 mg/ml, 0.110 mg/ml, and 0.220 mg/ml, respectively) and control group (treated with distilled water) , with 15 mice in each group (male/female ratio=1: 1) . A free-drink model was applied and the duration of exposure was 2 weeks. The body weight of all mice was recorded before exposure and at weeks 1 and 2 of exposure. At the end of exposure, the mice were treated with intraperitoneally injected sodium salicylate to capture the hydroxyl radicals and produce 2, 5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 2, 3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and high-performance liquid chromatography was used to measure their content. Spectrophotometry was used to measure the relative content of sulfhemoglobin.@*Results@#At week 2 of exposure, the low-, middle-, and high-dose groups had significantly lower body weight than the control group (22.8±2.8 g/21.6±2.8 g/21.2±3.0 g vs 25.6±2.2 g, P<0.05) . The low-, middle-, and high-dose groups had a significantly higher total content of hydroxyl radicals than the control group[ (0.015 3±0.006 5) μg/ml, (0.016 4±0.017 2) μg/ml, and (0.062 7±0.091 0) μg/ml vs (0.009 ±0.007 3) μg/ml, P<0.05]. The relative content of sulfhemoglobin was 1.54%±0.73%, 2.22%±0.44%, and 2.80%±0.69%, respectively, in the low-, middle-, and high-dose groups, and the middle- and high-dose groups had a significant increase in the relative content of sulfhemoglobin compared with the control group (2.22%±0.44%/2.80%±0.69% vs 1.76%±0.60%, P<0.05) . The content of hydroxyl radicals was positively correlated with the relative content of sulfhemoglobin (r=0.837, P<0.05) .@*Conclusion@#Sodium nitrite exposure can increase the content of sulfhemoglobin and hydroxyl radicals in blood, and there is a positive correlation between them.
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Objective To explore the effect of intermittent starvation on neurofilament phosphorylation and spatial learning and memory in rats induced by sodium nitrite. Methods Thirty-six rats were randomly divided into control, NaNO2 and stavation + NaNO2 groups, 12 rats in each group. NaNO2 group and slavation + NaNO2 group rats were served as drinking water containing sodium nitrite [100mg/(kg · d)]. Starvation + NaNO2 group rats were deprived of food for 2 days, and then re-feeded for 3 days. Sixty days later, the ability of spatial learning and memory of the rats was measured by Morris water maze. Phosphorylation level of neurofilament in the hippocampus was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Results In comparison with the control rats, the NaNO2 rats showed significantly longer latency to find the hidden platform from 2 days to 7 days in Morris water maze (control group latency: 31.24 ± 8.53, 12.41 ± 6.54, 10.49 ± 6.43, 8.61 ±2.56, 7.25 ±2.12, 6.03 ±1.92; NaNO2 group latency: 53.34 ±5.28, 35.15 ± 10.29, 23.52 ±9.50, 14.49 ±8.70, 16.87 ±8.77, 12.31 ±7.12) (P<0.05, P <0.01), and elevated phosphorylation level of neurofilament, while stavation + NaNO2 group rats only showed longer latency on 2 days and 3 days(43.61 ± 1.76, 25.25 ±7.49) in Morris water maze. There was no obvious difference in phosphorylation level of neurofilament between the control and stavation + NaNO2 group. Conclusion Intermittent starvation attenuates neurofilament phosphorylation and spatial learning and memory disorder induced by sodium nitrite in rats.
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OBJETIVO: Determinar as concentrações de nitrito e nitrato, potencial hidrogeniônico (pH) e atividade de água (Aa) em salsichas comercializadas em uma região do sul do Brasil, e comparar essas concentrações entre as diferentes marcas. MÉTODOS: Estudo experimental, transversal, quantitativo, realizado com 72 amostras de salsicha coletadas em dois municípios da Região do Vale do Taquari/RS, entre junho e agosto de 2015. Avaliaram-se três amostras de lotes diferentes, por meio das variáveis de nitrito, nitrato, pH e atividade de água, em triplicata, de cada uma das oito marcas de salsichas fiscalizadas pelo Serviço de Inspeção Federal. Dados submetidos aos testes ANOVA e Qui-quadrado, com p<0,05. RESULTADOS: A totalidade das amostras apresentou-se dentro dos padrões para pH e Aa (6,33 ± 0,32 e 0,91 ± 0,01, respectivamente), enquanto 40,3% (29) e 50,0% (36) apresentaram níveis de nitrito e nitrato, respectivamente, significativamente acima do estabelecido pela legislação (p<0,05). A média de nitrito das amostras restantes apresentou-se significativamente inferior (p=0,001), e a média de nitrato, significativamente superior (p=0,009) ao valor estabelecido pela legislação. CONCLUSÃO: A totalidade das amostras estava adequada em relação aos níveis de pH e Aa. Do total das oito marcas avaliadas, três se encontravam em condições satisfatórias referente à adição do nitrato e nitrito. A média de nitrito e Aa foi significativamente inferior, e as médias do nitrato e pH, significativamente superior, enquanto os níveis de nitrato e nitrito apresentaram médias superiores aos valores estabelecidos legislação, em cinco marcas analisadas
OBJECTIVE: To determine nitrite and nitrate levels, hydrogen potential (pH), and water activity (aw) in sausages marketed in Southern Brazil, and compare the levels among different brands. METHODS: Quantitative experimental cross-sectional study conducted with 72 sausage samples collected in two municipalities in the Região do Vale do Taquari, Rio Grande do Sul,,between June and August 2015. Three samples from different batches of each eight distinct sausage brands which were supervised by the Federal Inspection Service were analyzed in triplicate according to their nitrite and nitrate levels, pH and water activity. Data underwent ANOVA and Chi-squared tests with p<0.05. RESULTS: Samples met the recommended standards for pH and water activity (6.33 ± 0.32 and 0.91 ± 0.01, respectively), while 40.3% (29) and 50.0% (36) of the samples presented nitrite and nitrate levels, respectively, significantly above what is recommended by the legislation (p<0.05). The mean nitrite levels of the remaining samples were significantly lower (p=0.001), and mean nitrate levels were significantly higher (p=0.009) than the value established by legislation. CONCLUSION: The samples met the recommended levels of pH and water activity. Of eight brands assessed, three presented satisfactory levels of nitrate and nitrite. The mean levels of nitrite and water activity were significantly lower and the mean levels of nitrate and pH were significantly higher than the recommendations. Additionally, mean nitrate and nitrite levels of five brands were significantly higher than what is recommended by the legislation
OBJETIVO: Determinar las concentraciones de nitrito y nitrato, del potencial de hidrógeno (pH) y de la actividad del agua (Aa) de salchichas del comercio de una región del sur de Brasil y compararlas entre las distintas marcas comerciales. MÉTODOS: Estudio experimental, transversal y cuantitativo realizado con 72 muestras de salchichas recogidas en dos municipios de la Región del Vale del Taquari/RS entre junio y agosto de 2015. Se evaluaron tres veces tres muestras de lotes distintos a través de las variables de nitrito, nitrato, pH y actividad del agua de cada una de las ocho marcas de salchichas fiscalizadas por el Servicio de Inspección Federal. Los datos fueron sometidos a las pruebas ANOVA y Chicuadrado para p<0,05. RESULTADOS: La totalidad de las muestras se presentó dentro de los patrones para el pH y la Aa (6,33 ± 0,32 e 0,91 ± 0,01, respectivamente) mientras el 40,3% (29) y el 50,0% (36) presentaron niveles de nitrito y nitrato, respectivamente, significativamente por encima de la legislación (p<0,05). La media de nitrito de las muestras restantes se presentó significativamente inferior (p=0,001) y la media de nitrato, significativamente superior (p=0,009) de la legislación. CONCLUSIÓN: La totalidad de las muestras estaba adecuada respecto a los niveles de pH y Aa. Del total de las ocho marcas evaluadas, tres se encontraban en condiciones satisfactorias de adicción del nitrato y nitrito. La media de nitrito y Aa fue significativamente inferior y las medias de nitrato y pH significativamente superior mientras los niveles de nitrato y nitrito presentaron medias superiores de la legislación em cinco marcas analizadas
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Humans , Sodium Nitrite , Food Preservatives , Legislation, FoodABSTRACT
Highly conjugated linear molecular wires are one of the basic elements for constructing molecular electronic devices. Among these conjugated compounds, ferrocene-terminated compounds as well as their derivatives have been widely studied because of their ideal electrochemical activity. Based on these, a new ferrocene-terminated phenylethynyaniline ( Fc-NH2 ) was synthesized by Sonogashira cross coupling reaction. The structure of the target compound was identified by infrared ( IR) , nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR) , mass spectra ( MS) and cyclic voltammetry ( CV) . Combined the graphene-chitosan ( GH-CS) and Fc-NH2 , a new composite of GH-CS/Fc-NH2 was prepared and then used for immobilization of Cytc to prepare the GH-CS/Fc-NH2/Cytc/GCE. It was found from the CV result that a pair of peaks near-0. 2 V appeared which can be attributed to Cytc. The GH-CS/Fc-NH2/Cytc modified GCE showed good catalysis towards NaNO2 , and good linear relationship was found in the range of 1 ×10-7-1. 5 ×10-4 mol/L,and the determination limit was bellow 4×10-8 mol/L. Therefore, cytochrome c (Cytc) can be immobilized on the GH-CS/Fc-NH2 and the direct electron transfer can be realized between the electrode and solution and shows good prospect for detection of NaNO2 .
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Objective To observe the effects of sodium‐selenite on human hypertrophic scar fibroblasts proliferation in vitro . Methods Human hypertrophic scar fibroblast culture was conducted in vitro ,the status of fibroblast proliferation of the 4th gener‐ation cells was tested by CCK‐8 ,which was divided into experimental group and control group ,the experimental group was divided into six groups (A ,B ,C ,D ,E ,F) ,and were added an equal volume‐containing 2 .5 ,5 .0 ,10 .0 ,20 .0 ,40 .0 ,80 .0 μmol/L concentra‐tions of sodium selenite in 10% FBS culture medium ;the control group added an equal volume of 10% FBS culture medium ,testing cell proliferation by CCK‐8 at 24 ,48 ,72 ,96 h respectively ;testing different concentrations of sodium‐selenite cell survival situation after 24 h by Live/dead reagent ;immunohistochemical was used to test intracellularⅠ ,Ⅲ type collagen expression after 24 h .Re‐sults (1)With the increased of concentration ,the inhibition rate of fibroblasts gradually increased as the concentration of sodium‐selenite ranged in 2 .5-80 .0 μmol/L(P<0 .05);(2) the inhibition rate of sodium‐selenite on fibroblasts gradually increased at the same concentration with time(P<0 .05);(3)Live/dead reagent test results showed that apoptosis cell number increased with the concentration increasing ;(4 ) With concentrations of sodium‐selenite increasing ,typeⅠ ,Ⅲ collagen expression of fibroblast de‐creased gradually .Conclusion Sodium‐selenite can inhibit human hypertrophic scar fibroblast proliferate in vitro and reduce Ⅰ ,Ⅲcollagen expression of fibroblast type.
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Sodium nitrite is commercially used as a coloring agent, food preservative, and corrosion inhibitor. Accidental poisoning with sodium nitrite from contaminated food and water causes gastrointestinal irritation, vasodilatation, and methemoglobinemia with subsequent tissue hypoxia. We describe an outbreak case of sodium nitrite-induced methemoglobinemia following the ingestion of noodles contaminated with industrial antifreeze. The eEight patients involved initially complained that their noodles tasted 'unpleasant' and soon afterwards experienced nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and fatigue. Some of them noted cyanosis on their lips and fingers. Subsequent investigations demonstrated a high methemoglobin concentration which was corrected by the intravenous administration of methylene blue three hours after the onset of symptoms. The patients made a prompt, uncomplicated recovery and were discharged home 4 four days later. Industrial antifreeze contains sodium nitrite and calcium nitrite. Because an accidental poisoning of industrial antifreeze causes fatal methemoglobinemia, emergency physicians should promptly identify its symptoms and institute treatment with methylene blue promptly. In addition, industrial agencies must caution construction businesses against such contamination events.
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Humans , Administration, Intravenous , Hypoxia , Calcium , Commerce , Corrosion , Cyanosis , Dizziness , Eating , Emergencies , Fatigue , Fingers , Lip , Methemoglobin , Methemoglobinemia , Methylene Blue , Nausea , Sodium , Sodium Nitrite , Vasodilation , VomitingABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To analyse histopathological alterations characterized by the mitotic index in the mucosa of the large intestine in Wistar rats submitted to jejunoileal bypass operation after continued administration of sodium nitrite and vitamin C to different groups. METHODS: Eighty male Wistar rats were employed and separated into 12 groups. In the control group (20 rats): five animals ingested only water; five animals received vitamin C; five animals received sodium nitrite and five received sodium nitrite + vitamin C. In the sham group (20 rats), the animals were anesthetized and underwent midline laparotomy and only intestinal manipulation was performed: five animals ingested only water; five animals received vitamin C; five animals received sodium nitrite and five received sodium nitrite + vitamin C. In the operated group 40 rats underwent a jejunoileal bypass surgery: ten animals ingested only water; ten animals received vitamin C; ten animals received sodium nitrite and ten received sodium nitrite + vitamin C. The mean weight of the animals was measured weekly. The large intestine was subdivided into cecum (S1), ascending colon (S2), transverse colon (S3), descending colon (S4) and rectum (S5) for histopathological analysis and mitotic counts. The statistical analysis was used to compare the mitotic indices. The level of significance was 5%. RESULTS: The mean of all the segments indicates that the sodium nitrite+vitamin C group obtained the lowest mitotic index compared to the other treatments in the control group. The segments S1 and S2 showed a statistical difference with the vitamin C treatment: a higher mitotic index and better preservation of the mucosa in the operated group. In the sham group the main statistical difference occurred only in the sodium nitrite+vitamin C group between the means of the segments. CONCLUSIONS: The comparison of all the colonic segments of the various groups revealed a lower mitotic index in the animals treated with sodium nitrite+vitamin C. In addition, it was found that vitamin C did not present a statistically significant inhibiting effect on the preservation of the mucosa and the mitotic index.
OBJETIVO: Analisar as alterações histopatológicas caracterizada pelo índice mitótico na mucosa do intestino grosso em ratos Wistar submetidos a operação de bypass jejunoileal após a administração continuada de nitrito de sódio e vitamina C para diferentes grupos. MÉTODOS: Oitenta ratos Wistar foram utilizados e separados em 12 grupos. No grupo controle (20 ratos): cinco animais ingeriram apenas água; cinco animais receberam vitamina C, cinco animais receberam nitrito de sódio e cinco receberam nitrito de sódio + vitamina C. No grupo sham (20 ratos), os animais foram anestesiados e submetidos a laparotomia mediana e só a manipulação intestinal foi realizada: cinco animais ingeriram apenas água; cinco animais receberam vitamina C, cinco animais receberam nitrito de sódio e cinco receberam nitrito de sódio + vitamina C. No grupo operado 40 ratos foram submetidos a uma cirurgia de bypass jejunoileal: dez animais ingeridos apenas água; dez animais receberam vitamina C, dez animais receberam nitrito de sódio e dez nitrito de sódio + vitamina C. O peso médio dos animais foi medido semanalmente. O intestino grosso foi subdividido em ceco (S1), cólon ascendente (S2), cólon transverso (S3), cólon descendente (S4) e reto (S5) para análise histopatológica e contagem das mitoses. A análise estatística foi utilizado para comparar os índices mitóticos. O nível de significância foi de 5%. RESULTADOS: A média de todos os segmentos indica que o grupo que ingeriu nitrito de sódio + vitamina C obteve o menor índice mitótico em relação aos demais tratamentos no grupo controle. Os segmentos S1 e S2 mostraram uma diferença estatística com a vitamina C de tratamento: um maior índice mitótico e melhor preservação da mucosa no grupo operado. No grupo sham a principal diferença estatística ocorreu apenas no grupo que ingeriu nitrito de sódio + vitamina C entre as médias dos segmentos. CONCLUSÕES: A comparação de todos os segmentos do colon dos vários grupos revelaram um menor índice de mitose nos animais tratados com nitrito de sódio + vitamina C. Além disso, a vitamina C não apresentou efeito inibidor, estatísticamente significativo, na preservação da mucosa e do índice de mitoses.
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Animals , Male , Rats , Ascorbic Acid/pharmacology , Food Preservatives/pharmacology , Intestine, Large/pathology , Jejunoileal Bypass/adverse effects , Mitosis/drug effects , Sodium Nitrite/pharmacology , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects , Intestinal Mucosa/pathology , Intestine, Large/drug effects , Mitotic Index , Mitosis/physiology , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
OBJECTIVETo investigate effects of exogenous hydrogen sulfide ( H2 S) on the spatial memory disorder induced by cerebral anoxia in mice and explore related mechanism.METHODS Sodium nitrite (NaNO2) 120 mg·kg-1 was sc given to mice for4 d in model group.Sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) 1 mg·kg-1 was ip given and NaNO2 120 mg·kg-1 simultaneously was sc given to mice for4 d in NaHS group.All drugs were given to mice immediately after Morris water maze experiment every day and escape latency.The number of crossings over the target area (NCTA) and search time in target quadrant (STTQ) were recorded.The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the brain was determined with colorimetry.The morphological alterations in hippocampus slices were assessed by microscope.RESULTSOn the third and fourth days in Morris water maze experiment,compared with ( 16.1 ±9.6)s and ( 11.1 ±6.2)s in normal control group,the escape latency in model group was longer,(26.0 ±7.3)s(P＜0.05) and (23.3 ±8.7)s(P＜0.01).On the fifth day,compared with 7.2 ± 1.6 and (28 ± 8) s in normal control group NCTA and STTQ in model group were 4.1 ± 1.9and (20 ± 8 ) s ( P ＜ 0.05 ),and they were obviously less.Compared with normal control group,SOD activity and M DA content of mice in model group were reduced by 12.6％ (P ＜ 0.01 ) and increased by 43.9％ (P ＜ 0.01 ),respectively.The neuron degenerative changes including karyopyknosis,dark cytoplasm and irregular pyramidal layer were observed in model group.On the third and fourth day,compared with model group,the escape latency in NaHS group was shorter,(17.9 ±7.0)s and (15.8 ±8.5)s (P＜0.05).Compared with model group,NCTA and STTQ in NaHS group increased to 6.7 ± 2.5 and ( 30 ± 9) s ( P ＜ 0.01 ).SOD activity and MDA content in NaHS group were increased by 8.9％ ( P ＜ 0.05 ) and reduced by 29.6％ ( P ＜ 0.01 ),respectively.Neuron degeneration was significantly attenuated in NaHS group (P ＜ 0.01 ).CONCLUSIONNaHS can attenuate the spatial memory disorder induced by cerebral anoxia and the mechanism may be related to the antioxidation effect and alleviation of neuron damage of H2S.
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AIM:To observe the change of nitric oxide(NO)and hydrogen sulfide(H_2S)in blood and lung homogenate of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension(HPH)rat model,and to discuss the meaning of inhalation sodium nitrite and these factors in the treatment of HPH. METHODS:Fifty healthy male Wistar rats were assigned randomly into 5 groups(10 rats each):normoxia control group(NC),normoxia sodium nitrite group(NNI),hypoxic control group(HC),hypoxic normal saline group(HNS)and hypoxic sodium nitrite group(HNI). The mean pulmonary arterial pressure(mPAP),weight of right ventricle,weight of left ventricle plus septum,and the ratio of the weight of right ventricle to that of left ventricle plus septum(right ventricle hypertrophy index,RVHI)were also determined. The serum level of NO and plasma level of H_2S were measured,and at the same time the levels of NO in the lung homogenate were detected. The structures in pulmonary arteries were examined using optical microscope. RESULTS:After model established,compared to that in the normoxia groups,the body weight decreased significantly in hypoxia groups(P<0.05),although no difference of body weight in five groups before producing model was observed. Compared to that in normoxia groups,the levels of mPAP and RVHI increased significantly in hypoxia groups,and compared to that in hypoxia control groups and hypoxia normal saline group,mPAP and RVHI levels decreased significantly in hypoxia sodium nitrite group(P<0.05). Compared to that in normoxia groups,the serum level of NO decreased significantly in hypoxia groups(P<0.05). NO level in lung homogenate decreased significantly in hypoxia control group and hypoxia normal saline group as compared to that in normoxia groups(P<0.05),and no obvious difference between hypoxic sodium nitrite group and normoxia groups was found. The plasma level of H_2S was decreased significantly in hypoxia groups(P<0.05)as compared to that in normoxia groups. H_2S level increased significantly in hypoxia sodium nitrite group as compared to that in hypoxia control groups and hypoxia normal saline group(P<0.05). Observation under optical microscope,the lumen structure of lung in normoxia control group was normal. No significant change in normoxia sodium nitrite group was found. The proliferation of smooth muscle cells(SMCs),the collagen fiber deposition in the vessel wall and every caliber thickening was observed in hypoxic control group. The same changes were also observed in hypoxic normal saline group. The thickened caliber was relieved significantly in hypoxic nitrite group. CONCLUSION:Pulmonary hypertension and right ventricle reconstitution can be relieved by inhalation of sodium nitrite,and can be regulated by the level of NO and H_2S in rats. Above all,inhalation of sodium nitrite may degrade HPH directly or by affecting the externalization and synthesizing of gas signaling molecule indirectly.
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AIM: To investigate the effect of sodium nitrite (SN) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) and its underlying mechanism in mice. METHODS: All male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were randomly divided into five groups: Control group;LPS group;and SN 4.8 nmol/L, SN 48 nmol/L, SN 480 nmol/L (ip) groups. Lung wet weight/dry weight (W/D) ratio and permeability were detected. Neutrophil infiltration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was measured by cel1 counting and morphological changes in lung tissues were assayed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The 1evels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in lung were detected. Nitric oxide (NO) level and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in lung were measured according to the specification. RESULTS: Compared to lung in LPS-induced ALI mice, at doses of 4.8 nmol/L and 48 nmol/L, not 480 nmol/L, SN markedly decreased the lung W/D ratio, total leukocyte number and neutrophil percentage in the BALF, lung permeability, and TNF-α/IL-10 ratio, in lung. SN at dose of 480 nmol/L markedly increased the lung NO level compared to control group. In addition, SN decreased the total NOS and inducible NOS (iNOS) activities compared to LPS-induced ALI mice. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the protective effect of SN against LPS-induced ALI in mice is associated with the low dose SN-induced NO, as well as the subsequent decrease in iNOS activity and TNF-α/IL-10 ratio.
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AIM: To study the cytoprotective role of NaNO_2 preconditioning against H_2O_2 induced damage in PC12 cells. METHODS: PC12 cells were treated with different concentrations of NaNO_2 for 6 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h, respectively. The viability of the cells was measured by MTT method and cell counting. The apoptotic rate of PC12 was determined by Hoechst 33258 staining to calculate the ratio of the cells between concentrated and broken nucleus in the total cell count. PC12 cells were pretreated with NaNO_2 at concentration of 3 mmol/L for 24 h. The cytoprotective role to the toxicity of H_2O_2 at concentration of 1.1 mmol/L for 6 h was observed by MTT. The cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry and staining with Hoechst 33258 and PI. The activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the changes of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured by the method of colorimetry. RESULTS: The dose-response results showed that the effect of NaNO_2 on PC12 cell proliferation was a typical β-shape curve. The maximal stimulatory response was at 24 h, and the concentration of the maximum stimulatory response was 1.4 mmol/L. The maximal stimulation of the concentration-responses was 156% above the control. No observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) was 6 mmol/L. IC_(50) was 45 mmol/L. When the cells were pretreated by NaNO_2 at concentration of 3 mmol/L for 24 h, and then exposed to H_2O_2 at concentration of 1.1 mmol/L for 6 h, the proliferation rate was increased as compared to the cells treated with H_2O_2 alone. Under the conditions of treating the cells with NaNO_2 at concentration of 3 mmol/L to induce the adaptive response, then exposing the cells to H_2O_2 at concentration of 1.1 mmol/L, the apoptosis rate in non-preconditioning group was 44.9%, the apoptosis rate in preconditioning group was 19.1%, the difference was significant (P<0.05). The cytoprotective effect of NaNO_2 was inhibited by nitric oxide (NO) scavenger ferrohemoglobin. The activities of SOD, CAT and the level of GSH-Px were markedly increased, the content of MDA decreased in preconditioning group. CONCLUSION: Exposure of NaNO_2 at concentration of <6 mmol/L induces hormesis on PC12 cells. Low dose of nitrite plays an important role in cytoprotection by reducing nitrite to NO, indicating that decrease in lipid peroxidation and increase in endogenous antioxidants may play a key role in cytoprotection induced by preconditioning with low dose of NaNO_2 in PC12 cells.
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Objective To study inhibitory activity of anthraquinone in Polygonum Cillinerve(Nakai) Ohwi (anthraquinone in PCO) to nitrosation. Methods Anthraquinone was extracted from Polygonum Cillinerve(Nakai) Ohwi with sulfuric acid and chloroform as solvents. The capability of scavenging sodium nitrite and disconnecting nitrosamine synthesis with anthraquinone in PCO were determined by spectrophotometry under simulated human gastric juice. Results Both the sodium nitrite scavenging rate and the nitrosamine synthesis disconnecting rate showed the positive correlation with the concentration of anthraquinone in PCO. The strongest capability of scavenging sodium nitrite was 53.5%, and the strongest capability of disconnecting nitrosamine synthesis was 71.3%. Conclusion Anthraquinone in PCO had strong capability of scavenging sodium nitrite and disconnecting nitrosamine synthesis.
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@#Objective To investigate the protective effect of berberine on acute hypoxia induced by sodium nitrite (NaNO2) in mice.MethodsThe animal model of acute hypoxia was established with NaNO2. Then the mice were treated with berberine by gavage in three different doses of 2.0 mg/kg, 4.0 mg/kg, and 8.0 mg/kg once everyday respectively for 6 days. The survival time according to the last breath, the breath time and open mouth times of animals were recorded. The superoxide dismutase (SOD), maleic dialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) in brain tissue were tested. The pathological change was examined by HE staining.ResultsBerberine could significantly prolong the living time of acute hypoxia mice induced by NaNO2 and breath time after decapitation ( P<0.05, P<0.01), increase the activity of SOD and LDH, decrease the content of MDA and NO in brain tissue of hypoxia mice ( P<0.05, P<0.01). Under microscope, there were meningorrhagia, cellular necrosis in brain tissues of model animals, but no pathological changes found in berberine-treated animals.ConclusionBerberine has certain protective effect on acute hypoxia induced by NaNO2 in mice.
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Objective To study the antagonistic effects of Ganoderma spore on mutation induced by NaNO2 in Drosophila melanogaster. Methods After 24 hours of starvation,male Drosophila melanogaster were transferred to the culture bottles with medium with NaNO2 of 0,0.001,0.01,0.05 and 0.1 g/L for 24 hours and then cultured with female Drosophila melanogaster for 7 days. Male Drosophila melanogaster were treated with NaNO2 at the doses of 0,0.01,0.001 g/L for 24 hours and then transferred to the medium with Ganoderma spores at the dose of 0.2%,1%,2%,cultured with female Drosophila melanogaster for 7 days. The distilled water was used as the negative control. The amount of F1 generation and the mutation of the F1 generation were calculated. Results The mutation Drosophila melanogaster were mainly vestigial,some had malformation with white body and strange eyes. Compared with the negative control group,the count of offspring decreased,the rate of mutation proved positively correlated to the concentration of NaNO2. High dose of sporoderm-unbroken spores could cause a decrease of number of offspring. Compared with the negative control group,the mutation in the group of 0.1,0.01 g/L NaNO2 with 0.2% sporoderm-unbroken spores was much higher (P
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AIM:To explore the effects of galangal (Alpinia officinarum Hance) extract on learning ability and memory consolidation and clearance of the free radical in mice. METHODS:Ninety mice receiving sodium nitrite to form the dysmnesic model ones,which were used to observe the walking behaviours in Morris water maze under the administration of galangal extact. SOD activity and the MDA content were measured with colorimetry,The morphological change in hippocampus slices were assessed using H-E staining and microscopic examination. RESULTS:To compare with the model group,the escape latency was markedly shortened(P